The primary reason China is ahead of India lies in the latter’s refusal to let go of its caste system and racial biases. Why India's Culture, Medieval Caste System and Racism Holds It Back While China Surges Ahead

 



Why India's Caste System and Racism Hold It Back While China Surges Ahead

India and China, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, have taken different paths in their modern development. While both nations began their post-colonial journeys with comparable socio-economic challenges, China has outpaced India in nearly every metric of development, from technological innovation to infrastructure and economic output. 

At the heart of this disparity lies a fundamental difference in how each society treats its population. 

India’s deeply entrenched caste system where dead bodies [ starvation ] are visibly left on the streets right next to street hawkers and racism have created a fractured society that undermines its potential, while China’s governance model under the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) focuses on equitable access to education and opportunities, even for its poorest citizens. 

India's caste-based discrimination is its Achilles’ heel, preventing it from fully harnessing its brain pool, whereas China’s meritocratic approach to education and development has been a key factor in its success.

The Caste System: Division

The caste system is an ancient social hierarchy that continues to flourish in Indian society, dictating every aspect of an individual’s life—from their occupation to their access to resources and opportunities. 

Despite constitutional provisions to abolish untouchability and promote equality, caste-based discrimination remains deeply ingrained in India’s social fabric. 

Marginalized communities, such as Dalits and Adivasis, face systemic barriers to education, healthcare, and employment. The rigidity of this system ensures that vast segments of the population remain excluded from contributing meaningfully to the nation’s progress.

This exclusion has a direct impact on India’s ability to compete globally. 

By limiting access to quality education and opportunities to only the privileged upper castes, India effectively reduces its talent pool. The brightest minds from marginalized communities often go unnoticed or are systematically suppressed, creating a wasted reservoir of potential. 

According to a 2018 study by the Centre for Sustainable Employment, less than 10% of Dalit students make it to higher education, compared to 25% from upper castes. This disparity highlights how casteism stifles intellectual and creative growth on a national scale.

Racism:Barrier to Progress

India’s social divisions are not limited to caste; racism and regional discrimination further fragment the society. People from northeastern states, darker-skinned individuals, and minority groups frequently face prejudice and exclusion. 

These biases create an environment where large sections of the population feel alienated and unsupported, further diminishing their contributions to national development. Racism and colorism not only demoralize individuals but also perpetuate cycles of poverty and exclusion, weakening the societal fabric needed for collective progress.

China’s Meritocratic Model

China has adopted a governance model that prioritizes meritocracy and collective advancement. While the CCP has its own issues of authoritarianism and control, it has made significant investments in education and infrastructure that benefit even the poorest citizens. The Chinese education system is designed to identify and nurture talent from all strata of society, ensuring that economic background is not a barrier to success. 

Rural students are given opportunities to excel through programs like targeted scholarships, government-funded schools, and access to technological resources.

China’s focus on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education has been particularly transformative. 

By providing equal access to quality education, China has created a workforce capable of driving innovation and technological advancement. 

For instance, even children from rural farming families are encouraged to pursue careers in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology. 

This inclusive approach has allowed China to harness the full potential of its population, propelling it to global leadership in industries like renewable energy, telecommunications, and space exploration.

The Brain Pool Disparity

The contrast between India and China’s approaches to human capital development becomes stark when examining their respective brain pools. India’s caste system ensures that only a small elite has access to the best educational institutions and job opportunities, while the vast majority of the population remains underutilized. 

In China, however, the government’s efforts to level the playing field mean that talent is identified and nurtured irrespective of socio-economic background. This difference in approach explains why China produces far more engineers, scientists, and innovators per capita than India, despite both nations having similar population sizes.

For example, in 2021, China graduated over 50,000 PhD students, with a significant proportion in STEM fields, compared to India’s 24,000. 

This disparity is not due to a lack of talent in India but rather the systemic exclusion of large segments of the population from quality education and research opportunities.


As of January 2025, India is the world's most populous country, with an estimated population of approximately 1.45 billion people. China follows closely with a population of about 1.42 billion. 

WORLDOMETER

In 2024, China experienced its third consecutive year of population decline, decreasing by 1.39 million to a total of 1.408 billion. This decline is attributed to factors such as the legacy of the one-child policy and current economic pressures. 

FINANCIAL TIMES

Conversely, India's population continues to grow, having surpassed China's in April 2023


Even the most ardent racist or casteist cannot ignore the inefficiency of a system that excludes large portions of its population from contributing to national progress. 

From a purely pragmatic perspective, discrimination is economically and strategically detrimental. 

The loss of potential innovators, entrepreneurs, and leaders due to systemic bias weakens the nation as a whole. 

If India were to dismantle its caste and racial hierarchies and adopt a more inclusive model similar to China’s, it could unlock immense human potential and transform itself into a global powerhouse.

Moreover, China’s success demonstrates that investing in the poorest and most marginalized members of society yields significant returns. 

By making sure every child, regardless of their background, has access to futuristic education and opportunities, China has created a virtuous cycle of growth and innovation. India’s failure to do the same is a self-inflicted wound, perpetuated by outdated and counterproductive social norms.

Conclusion

The primary reason China is ahead of India lies in the latter’s refusal to let go of its caste system and racial biases, which have fractured its society and limited its ability to compete on a global scale. In contrast, China’s meritocratic approach to education and development has allowed it to harness the full potential of its population, including its poorest citizens




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