Here is a partial list of historically Black towns and districts in the U.S. that were destroyed or attacked by white mobs, government actions, or other forms of racial violence

 


19th Century

  1. Memphis, Tennessee (1866) – The Memphis Massacre led to the deaths of 46 Black people, destruction of homes, and Black-owned businesses burned.

  2. New Orleans, Louisiana (1866) – A white mob attacked Black citizens and leaders during the New Orleans Massacre, killing nearly 50 people.

  3. Colfax, Louisiana (1873) – The Colfax Massacre saw over 100 Black men murdered after a disputed election.

  4. Eufaula, Alabama (1874) – White mobs attacked Black voters, killing dozens and preventing them from voting.

  5. Vicksburg, Mississippi (1874) – White supremacists massacred Black leaders and civilians to overthrow the local government.

  6. Hamburg, South Carolina (1876) – Dozens of Black men were killed by white mobs trying to reestablish white supremacy.

  7. Wilmington, North Carolina (1898) – The Wilmington Massacre (or Coup) led to the deaths of hundreds of Black people and the overthrow of the legally elected biracial government.

20th Century

  1. East St. Louis, Illinois (1917) – Hundreds of Black residents were killed, and their homes burned by white mobs.

  2. Elaine, Arkansas (1919) – The Elaine Massacre saw white mobs and U.S. troops kill an estimated 200 Black sharecroppers organizing for fair pay.

  3. Tulsa, Oklahoma (1921) – Greenwood ("Black Wall Street") – One of the worst race massacres in U.S. history. White mobs, with police and government aid, destroyed a thriving Black business district, killing an estimated 300 people.

  4. Rosewood, Florida (1923) – A prosperous Black town was burned down, and its residents were murdered after a false accusation of a Black man assaulting a white woman.

  5. Ocoee, Florida (1920) – A white mob killed dozens of Black residents and burned homes to suppress Black voting.

  6. Knoxville, Tennessee (1919) – White mobs attacked Black neighborhoods during the "Red Summer" of racial violence.

  7. Chicago, Illinois (1919) – Racial violence left dozens dead, with Black neighborhoods burned.

  8. Washington, D.C. (1919) – White mobs attacked Black residents and businesses.

  9. Slocum, Texas (1910) – A white mob killed dozens of Black residents in a massacre that was largely forgotten for decades.

Mid-to-Late 20th Century

  1. Detroit, Michigan (1943) – A race riot led to numerous deaths and destruction in Black communities.

  2. New York City (Harlem, 1935, 1943, 1964) – Repeated racial uprisings due to police violence and economic oppression.

  3. Los Angeles (Watts, 1965) – A six-day uprising due to police brutality led to destruction in a Black district.

  4. Orangeburg, South Carolina (1968) – Police opened fire on Black student protesters, killing three and injuring many.

  5. Camden, New Jersey (1971) – Racial unrest led to the burning and destruction of Black homes and businesses.

    1. Columbia, Tennessee (1946) – A race riot broke out after a Black World War II veteran defended his mother from a white shopkeeper. White mobs and law enforcement arrested over 100 Black residents, and four were killed.

    2. Cairo, Illinois (1967-1970s) – Long-term racial violence and economic strangulation led to the destruction of Black businesses and mass displacement.

    3. Newberry, Florida (1916) – The Newberry Six lynching saw six Black men hanged after being falsely accused of a crime.

    4. Hobson City, Alabama (Late 20th century) – The first all-Black town in Alabama suffered economic decline after being systematically deprived of resources.

    5. Martinsville, Indiana (1920s-1930s) – White violence and terror campaigns drove out nearly all Black residents.

    6. Forsyth County, Georgia (1912) – A white mob violently expelled over 1,000 Black residents, forcing them to flee.

    7. Corbin, Kentucky (1919) – White residents violently forced nearly 200 Black residents onto a train out of town.

    8. Pierce City, Missouri (1901) – A white mob lynched three Black men and forced the entire Black population to flee.

    9. Anna, Illinois (1909) – White mobs drove out the Black population, turning it into a "sundown town."

    10. Decatur, Illinois (1909) – Race riots led to the destruction of Black homes and businesses.

    11. Greenwood, Mississippi (1960s-1970s) – Systematic violence and economic suppression targeted Black sharecroppers and activists.

    Mid-to-Late 20th Century

    1. Boston, Massachusetts (1974-1976) – Anti-Black violence and protests erupted during the forced desegregation of public schools.

    2. Plainfield, New Jersey (1967) – Racial unrest led to the destruction of Black homes and businesses.

    3. Newark, New Jersey (1967) – A police beating of a Black taxi driver led to uprisings, with state police killing at least 26 Black residents.

    4. Charleston, South Carolina (1919, 1969) – Repeated racial violence targeted Black workers and communities.

    5. Louisville, Kentucky (1968) – White mobs attacked Black neighborhoods after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

    6. Jackson, Mississippi (1961-1970s) – Systematic destruction of Black-owned businesses and neighborhoods under urban renewal projects.

    7. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (MOVE Bombing, 1985) – The police bombed a Black radical group’s headquarters, killing 11 people and destroying a Black neighborhood.

    Sundown Towns & Economic Destruction

    1. Sikeston, Missouri (Mid-20th century) – White mobs forced Black residents out, turning it into a sundown town.

    2. Benton Harbor, Michigan (1966, 2003) – Racial violence and economic suppression led to multiple uprisings.

    3. Opelousas, Louisiana (1868, 1920s) – White mobs killed hundreds of Black residents and drove out many more.

    4. Paris, Texas (1893, 1920, 2008) – Repeated racial violence, including lynchings, targeted the Black community.

    5. Moss Point, Mississippi (1920s-1970s) – Economic and political suppression led to Black residents being forced out.

    6. Russellville, Kentucky (1908, 1950s) – White mobs attacked Black neighborhoods, forcing many to leave.

    7. Gretna, Louisiana (2005, Post-Hurricane Katrina) – Armed white police blocked Black evacuees from crossing into safety after the hurricane.

    8. Algiers Point, New Orleans (2005, Post-Hurricane Katrina) – White vigilantes attacked Black survivors, shooting at them to prevent them from entering their neighborhood.

    9. East Orange, New Jersey (1970s-1980s) – Systemic disinvestment and racial violence displaced Black residents.

    10. Gary, Indiana (1968-1980s) – Economic collapse and white flight resulted in the destruction of Black businesses and political disenfranchisement.

    11. Bronzeville, Chicago (1940s-1970s) – Systematic displacement of Black residents through urban renewal and highway construction.


    This list includes both physical attacks on Black towns and the systemic destruction of Black communities through economic suppression, police brutality, and racial policies. Many of these events were deliberately erased from mainstream history.


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