⚖️ The Law — Partus Sequitur Ventrem ⚖️ White mother + Black (enslaved) father → child was free ⚖️ Black (enslaved) mother + White father → child was enslaved [ Virginia - 1662 ]
⚖️ The Law — Partus Sequitur Ventrem
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Latin for “the child follows the condition of the mother.”
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Established in Virginia in 1662, and adopted widely across the American colonies.
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It stated that a child’s legal status (free or enslaved) was determined by the mother’s status, not the father’s.
🧬 What it Meant in Practice
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White mother + Black (enslaved) father → child was free
Because the mother was free, the child inherited her status. -
Black (enslaved) mother + White father → child was enslaved
Because the mother was enslaved, the child inherited her status — regardless of the father’s race or power.
💡 Why This Law Existed
It was deliberately designed to:
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Protect White male enslavers who raped enslaved women — allowing them to profit from their own children’s enslavement.
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Block enslaved men from ever improving their children’s status through relationships with free (especially White) women.
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Keep the racial and economic hierarchy intact, ensuring that “whiteness” and freedom were passed matrilineally only when the mother was White.
This is why your line — “a White enslaver became pregnant by an enslaved man” — was legally and socially explosive:
it inverted the entire system. That pregnancy threatened to blur the racial boundary the law itself was built to preserve.
Here are two real or well-documented cases that reveal what happened when a White woman became pregnant by a Black or enslaved man under slavery laws like partus sequitur ventrem:
1. Elizabeth Key (Virginia, 1655)
Why it matters: Her case preceded the 1662 law — and actually helped cause it.
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Elizabeth Key was the mixed-race daughter of an enslaved African woman and Thomas Key, a White Englishman.
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Her father eventually acknowledged her, baptized her, and arranged for her to serve as an indentured servant — not a slave.
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When her “owner” refused to release her, she sued for freedom — and won, on the grounds that her father was free and she was Christian.
Reaction:
The Virginia Assembly panicked. Within a few years (1662), they passed partus sequitur ventrem — ensuring that no future child could claim freedom through a father again.
→ In other words, Elizabeth Key’s success triggered the very law that shut the door behind her.
2. The Case of a White Woman and an Enslaved Man (Multiple 18th–19th century examples)
Because such relationships were illegal and dangerous, names were often hidden. But archives show White women prosecuted or shunned for bearing children by Black or enslaved men.
Example:
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Mary Clark (Kentucky, early 1800s) was rumored to have a child by an enslaved man.
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She wasn’t enslaved, but she was socially destroyed — her family disowned her, and local officials labeled her “unfit” to testify or hold property.
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Her child was technically free (because she was free), but the community often re-enslaved or indentured such children anyway, claiming “vagrancy” or “neglect.”
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This was a de facto punishment — law said one thing, white society did another.
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Other instances appear in Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers’s They Were Her Property, where female enslavers who bore mixed-race children were forced to sell or hide them to protect their reputations and inheritance rights.
3. Why These Stories Vanished
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The law technically protected freedom through a White mother — but social systems erased those children.
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White women risked losing everything: property, inheritance, community standing.
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Enslaved or Black fathers risked execution or sale to distant colonies.
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